This report presents the energy context for Poland and gives an overview of the policies for supporting the market development of renewable heating and cooling technologies

This report presents the energy context for Poland and gives an overview of the policies for supporting the market development of renewable heating and cooling technologies

The use of renewable energy systems for both domestic and industrial heating and cooling applications has received relatively little attention compared with renewable electricity or transport biofuels. Where a good biomass, geothermal or solar thermal resource exists, heating technologies can often be competitive with those using fossil fuels. In a few countries their natural deployment has occurred with little if any policy support, resulting in greenhouse gas reductions. Elsewhere, several of the few national policies in place to remove barriers and
encourage the greater deployment of renewable heat, (such as from using wood-burning boilers, geothermal ground-heat pumps, and solar water heaters) have proved to be cost-effective, yet other countries have been slow to replicate them. In regions where cooling has a greater energy demand than heating, especially during peak summer periods, renewable energy cooling systems show good potential for further development.

The use of renewable energy systems for both domestic and industrial heating and cooling applications has received relatively little attention compared with renewable electricity or transport biofuels. Where a good biomass, geothermal or solar thermal resource exists, heating technologies can often be competitive with those using fossil fuels. In a few countries their natural deployment has occurred with little if any policy support, resulting in greenhouse gas reductions. Elsewhere, several of the few national policies in place to remove barriers and
encourage the greater deployment of renewable heat, (such as from using wood-burning boilers, geothermal ground-heat pumps, and solar water heaters) have proved to be cost-effective, yet other countries have been slow to replicate them. In regions where cooling has a greater energy demand than heating, especially during peak summer periods, renewable energy cooling systems show good potential for further development.

This report reviews gas engine driven heat pumps and gas fired absorption heat pumps that are alternative technologies to electrical driven heat pumps. Such type of heat pumps could use biogas instead of natural gas or liquefied petrol gas, or even wood for absorption machine. Direct use of solar energy is also possible. Greth, ESS have contributed to this report.

This report reviews gas engine driven heat pumps and gas fired absorption heat pumps that are alternative technologies to electrical driven heat pumps. Such type of heat pumps could use biogas instead of natural gas or liquefied petrol gas, or even wood for absorption machine. Direct use of solar energy is also possible. Greth, ESS have contributed to this report.

This Report on the perspectives to the development of the biomass potential, together with Databases and maps on biomass potential, are deliverables to Work package 3 (WP 3) of ACCESS project. The aim of this WP is to help different stakeholders (such as producers, consultants, energy service companies, and consumers) to assess the biomass resources that can be used as a fuel for smallscale
heating and hot-water supply purposes in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia.

This Report on the perspectives to the development of the biomass potential, together with Databases and maps on biomass potential, are deliverables to Work package 3 (WP 3) of ACCESS project. The aim of this WP is to help different stakeholders (such as producers, consultants, energy service companies, and consumers) to assess the biomass resources that can be used as a fuel for smallscale
heating and hot-water supply purposes in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia.

Geothermal energy holds an important position within renewable energies in France. In terms of produced energy, it occupies the third rank behind the biomass and hydraulics.
In this study, we will look especially on very low temperature geothermal resources. This energy has seen a revival since the use of the heat pumps, thus improving its profitability.
Very low entropy geothermal resource is used mainly for the heating as well as cooling of the buildings, in particular thanks to the reversibility of the heat pumps thus making it possible to reverse the cycle and switch from the hot to the cold.
In this state of the art on reversible ground source heat pumps, we will start with a brief study on geothermal energy (how does it work, its various types) as well as a description of the current geothermal field in France.
We will then make a more detailed study on the heat pumps (operating principle, technologies) as well as the systems of geothermal heat pumps including the ground source heat exchanger and the interior delivery system of heat and cold. We will then take stock of the situation of these systems in France.
Finally, we will give examples of reversible geothermal achievements as well as a detailed technical description of the principal geothermal heat pumps on the market.

La géothermie détient une place importante au sein des énergies renouvelables en France. En termes d’énergie produite, elle occupe le troisième rang derrière la biomasse et l’hydraulique. Lors de cette étude, nous nous pencherons particulièrement sur la géothermie très basse température. Cette filière énergétique a connu un renouveau depuis l’utilisation des pompes à chaleur, améliorant ainsi sa rentabilité.
La géothermie très basse entropie sert particulièrement au chauffage ainsi qu’au refroidissement du bâti, notamment grâce à la réversibilité des pompes à chaleur permettant ainsi d’inverser le cycle et de basculer du chaud vers le froid.
Dans cet état de l’art sur les pompes à chaleur géothermiques réversibles, nous commencerons par une étude succincte sur la géothermie (comment ça marche, ses différents types) ainsi qu’un descriptif du gisement géothermique actuel en France.
Nous ferons par la suite une étude plus détaillée sur les pompes à chaleur (principe de fonctionnement, technologies) ainsi que sur les systèmes de pompes à chaleur géothermiques comprenant l’échangeur de chaleur avec le sol et le système de distribution intérieur de chaleur et de froid. Nous ferons ensuite le point sur la situation de ces systèmes en France.
Pour finir, nous donnerons des exemples de réalisations géothermiques réversibles ainsi qu’un descriptif technique détaillé des principales pompes à chaleur géothermiques sur le marché.

The technology considered in this report is the combination of wood-fuelled boiler for heating and heat pumps (using electricity) for hot water and cooling. This report mainly refers to the application of that technology in the residential sector, although it is also appropriate for office buildings, industries application. The purpose of this report is to assess the future perspectives of a heating / cooling technology and to provide recommendations for supporting the large-scale penetration of that technology in the EU market, or particular Member States. The report is developed within project ASTECH, co-funded by EU's FP6.

The technology considered in this report is the combination of wood-fuelled boiler for heating and heat pumps (using electricity) for hot water and cooling. This report mainly refers to the application of that technology in the residential sector, although it is also appropriate for office buildings, industries application. The purpose of this report is to assess the future perspectives of a heating / cooling technology and to provide recommendations for supporting the large-scale penetration of that technology in the EU market, or particular Member States. The report is developed within project ASTECH, co-funded by EU's FP6.

This report presents “the basic roadmaps for the implementation of selected innovations in the European market”.
All technologies selected by partners mainly regard small plants for residential applications, following the concept of distributed generation through a number of stationary solutions based on renewable energy sources.
The most promising technology in most partner countries was identified as to be heat pumps for the exploitation of low temperature sources (mainly from ground source). It is a quite mature technology with good potential for applications but several obstacles still hinder its market penetration. As it is underlined in the road map of the Austrian partner, this technology is in fact present on the European market since the ‘80s but it is only in the last period that the quality of heat pumps and of the complete heating/cooling system has reached a high level. This is proved by the fast growing market share in Italy, France, Norway, Finland and Austria, while in other countries (e.g. Germany and Switzerland) the market is growing at a slower pace as it was already quite developed.
The technologies treated in the remaining countries are related to biomass, microCHP system based on fuel cell and RES-based cooling.

This report presents “the basic roadmaps for the implementation of selected innovations in the European market”.
All technologies selected by partners mainly regard small plants for residential applications, following the concept of distributed generation through a number of stationary solutions based on renewable energy sources.
The most promising technology in most partner countries was identified as to be heat pumps for the exploitation of low temperature sources (mainly from ground source). It is a quite mature technology with good potential for applications but several obstacles still hinder its market penetration. As it is underlined in the road map of the Austrian partner, this technology is in fact present on the European market since the ‘80s but it is only in the last period that the quality of heat pumps and of the complete heating/cooling system has reached a high level. This is proved by the fast growing market share in Italy, France, Norway, Finland and Austria, while in other countries (e.g. Germany and Switzerland) the market is growing at a slower pace as it was already quite developed.
The technologies treated in the remaining countries are related to biomass, microCHP system based on fuel cell and RES-based cooling.

The document presents an overview of small-scale biomass and solar thermal technologies for heating of dwellings with individual or local heating systems.
The document includes description of the technologies, the technology market in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and China, as well as best practice examples.

The document presents an overview of small-scale biomass and solar thermal technologies for heating of dwellings with individual or local heating systems.
The document includes description of the technologies, the technology market in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and China, as well as best practice examples.

The demand for air conditioning in tertiary sector is increasing due to a demand for improved comfort, but also because of the higher temperatures that have occurred during the last decade. At the same time, passive or semi-active techniques, used for centuries to keep comfortable indoor conditions, seem to have been forgotten in a lot of new buildings. This more and more extensive use of electrically driven compression cooling equipment is responsible for an increasing peak demand of electrical power in summer, which reaches the capacity limit in several cases. Emission of greenhouse gases is increased, by the energy production or by leakage of the cooling fluids, intensifying the vicious circle of the climate change.
As it is shown in the first part of this publication, a large choice of passive solutions is available, either for new buildings at the conception stage or for already existing ones, to improve the indoor conditions without any air conditioning system, or at least to drastically reduce the summer cooling needs. At the same time, solar radiation is available. And the solar cooling technologies presented in this
document have proved, for some of them during more than ten years, their efficiency and reliability. These technologies use harmless cooling fluids (water generally), and much less primary energy than the classical systems. Therefore, why not using solar energy for the purpose of keeping indoor conditions during summer in a comfortable range ?

The demand for air conditioning in tertiary sector is increasing due to a demand for improved comfort, but also because of the higher temperatures that have occurred during the last decade. At the same time, passive or semi-active techniques, used for centuries to keep comfortable indoor conditions, seem to have been forgotten in a lot of new buildings. This more and more extensive use of electrically driven compression cooling equipment is responsible for an increasing peak demand of electrical power in summer, which reaches the capacity limit in several cases. Emission of greenhouse gases is increased, by the energy production or by leakage of the cooling fluids, intensifying the vicious circle of the climate change.
As it is shown in the first part of this publication, a large choice of passive solutions is available, either for new buildings at the conception stage or for already existing ones, to improve the indoor conditions without any air conditioning system, or at least to drastically reduce the summer cooling needs. At the same time, solar radiation is available. And the solar cooling technologies presented in this
document have proved, for some of them during more than ten years, their efficiency and reliability. These technologies use harmless cooling fluids (water generally), and much less primary energy than the classical systems. Therefore, why not using solar energy for the purpose of keeping indoor conditions during summer in a comfortable range ?

Goal of this contribution is to draw a picture about some general issues for using solar thermal energy for air conditioning of buildings. The following topics are covered:
- A basic analysis of the thermodynamic limits for the use of heat cooling in combination with solar thermal energy is drawn; thereby fundamental insights about control needs for solar thermal driven cooling are obtained.
- A short overview about the state-of-the-art of available technologies, such as closed thermal driven cooling cycles (e.g. absorption, adsorption) and open cooling cycles (e.g. desiccant employing either solid or liquid sorbents) is given and needs and perspectives for future developments are described.
- The state-of-the-art of application of solar assisted air-conditioning in Europe is given and some example installations are presented.
- An overview about new developments of open and closed heat driven cooling cycles for application in combination with solar thermal collectors is given and some of these new systems are outlined more in detail.

Goal of this contribution is to draw a picture about some general issues for using solar thermal energy for air conditioning of buildings. The following topics are covered:
- A basic analysis of the thermodynamic limits for the use of heat cooling in combination with solar thermal energy is drawn; thereby fundamental insights about control needs for solar thermal driven cooling are obtained.
- A short overview about the state-of-the-art of available technologies, such as closed thermal driven cooling cycles (e.g. absorption, adsorption) and open cooling cycles (e.g. desiccant employing either solid or liquid sorbents) is given and needs and perspectives for future developments are described.
- The state-of-the-art of application of solar assisted air-conditioning in Europe is given and some example installations are presented.
- An overview about new developments of open and closed heat driven cooling cycles for application in combination with solar thermal collectors is given and some of these new systems are outlined more in detail.